A new provision introduced with the reinstated federal Violence Against Women Act allocates funds to empower tribal governments to exercise jurisdiction on tribal land.
President Joe Biden signed into law a $1.5 trillion omnibus spending package that included the reauthorization of the Violence Against Women Act earlier this month. The law makes it clear that Alaska tribes can act to protect women at risk in their communities.
“Alaska tribes deserve the same kind of protections and resources that other communities in Alaska and the Lower 48 receive and don’t even think about it,” said Association of Village Council Presidents spokesperson Joy Anderson. “So this is really pretty historic.”
With the strong backing of Alaska Sen. Lisa Murkowski, the reauthorization made it through the Senate long after it was passed by the House. Murkowski said that there is plenty of evidence that the current system is not doing the job of protecting rural Alaska women and children.
“One out of five Native young people has suffered from PTSD due to childhood exposure to violence. We know that the status quo is not working,” she said. “And when one in three Native villages lacks any law enforcement presence, we know that something has to change.”
Nationally, VAWA would allocate $5 million for the Bureau of Indian Affairs to address missing and murdered Indigenous women. But an additional $3 million was provided for “Public Law 280” states, such as Alaska, to provide for training and the needs of tribal courts. Alaska will receive the bulk of this funding through the Alaska Tribal Public Safety Empowerment Subtitle.
The provision includes two sections with significant changes to tribal jurisdiction. The first part offers clarification.
“So prior to VAWA passing, if you had asked, ‘Do Alaska tribes have criminal jurisdiction over Alaska Natives or American Indians within village boundaries?’ you probably would have gotten a variety of answers,” said Anderson.
Congress has now provided that answer.
“So what this part of the bill does is clarify that tribes do have criminal authority over Natives within their village boundaries,” Anderson said. “And that’s not dependent on whether or not there’s Indian Country.”
The bill establishes a pilot program for tribes to exercise what’s called “Special Domestic Violence Criminal Jurisdiction.” This recognizes the authority of tribes to exercise criminal jurisdiction over non-Natives who commit certain crimes against a Native victim on Tribal land. These crimes include stalking, domestic violence and sexual assault. The tribes now await the details on how to apply, according to Winter Montgomery, tribal justice attorney for the Association of Village Council Presidents.
“We’re in the beginning process,” said Montgomery. “So when the U.S. Attorney gives us the full criteria, we’ll provide that to the tribes.”
But the pilot program does have stipulations.
“The pilot would be for five tribes. And that would include a group of tribes that could apply as a consortium,” said Anderson. “So five would initially be able to begin exercising that special criminal jurisdiction. And then each year, while VAWA is authorized, an additional five could be added each year.”
According to Murkowski’s deputy communications director, Hannah Ray, the U.S. Department of Justice is required to prioritize tribes that occupy villages where the population is predominantly American Indian/Alaska Native and that lack a permanent law enforcement presence. They must also make a determination that the tribe has adequate safeguards in place to protect the rights of defendants.
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