The small island town of Petersburg in Southeast, Alaska is known for its Norwegian heritage. It’s celebrated throughout the year with events like the Little Norway Festival in May and Julebukking in December. The current town site was established around 1900 by Norwegians looking for a good spot to process fish commercially. But archaeologists are finding more evidence that Mitkof Island is just like others in the region. Tlingit people had settlements around Petersburg for thousands of years before Europeans planted their roots.
Along Petersburg’s main downtown street, Ross Nannauck III is selling his artwork from a table on the sidewalk. His hair’s pulled back in a ponytail under a leather hat that’s painted with Tlingit design in red, black and turquoise.
Nannuack enjoys talking about his carvings and paintings. He’s sort of a culture bearer, teaching about Tlingit artwork and history to Petersburg tourists and students.
Although Nannauck knows his Tlingit name he was never taught the language. His grandparents’ generation didn’t pass it on.
“Assimilation has taken a big toll on our culture,” Nannuack said. “For a hundred years we were told to forget our ways. We were told our totem poles and our carvings were works of the devil and we should burn them. There’s a disconnect of just who we are.”
Still, artifacts are everywhere on Mitkof Island showing a long history of indigenous people.
Jane Smith and Gina Esposito are archaeologists for the U.S. Forest Service in Petersburg and it’s their job to keep track of artifacts found in the area. Their offices are on the second floor of a downtown building. And it’s just what you’d think it’d look like: maps on the walls, shelves of rocks and bags of soil samples, a yellow hardhat on a back pack on the floor.
“As you can see we could use more space. It’s organized chaos what we have here,” Esposito said. “We have soil probes. Soil augers that help us find shell midden sites.”
Shell midden sights are like pre-historic trash piles. Esposito said that Tlingit ancestors left mounds of shellfish remains, charcoal and fish bones.
“After they would harvest and eat and process they would just toss it outside their homes or outside their campsites or at their villages,” Esposito said. “And over time that builds up.”
The rain forest grows over the piles so the soil probes are used to find them. These sites indicate where people were living for long periods of time. And that’s what Esposito and her colleague recently discovered less than a mile from Petersburg.
“Right across from town we’ve found evidence that there’s village sized sites across the Narrows,” Esposito said.
The site was dated to 1,120 years ago.
On Mitkof Island itself, they’ve discovered a 5,000-year-old fish trap. In fact, large scale fish traps of various ages have been documented in all the major waterways on the island.
Smith and Esposito have worked together as an archaeology team for 20 years. Smith says their oldest discovery near Petersburg is a 10,000-year-old site containing stone tool remnants. It was also on found on Kupreanof Island near Petersburg.
The pair tracks over 900 archaeology sites including several rock paintings and carvings. Smith said they keep fastidious notes of the materials they collect and the GPS coordinates of the sites.
“And one of the reasons we want to know where they are is so when the Forest Service does an action, like builds a road or puts in an outhouse or whatever they’re going to be doing that might be a ground disturbing activity, we know where the archaeology sites are so we can avoid them,” Smith said.
Smith and Esposito work with Petersburg Indian Association, the local tribe, to try to connect what they’ve found in the field to traditional knowledge. The locations of the sites are not shared with the general public for fear of vandalism.
But the story that’s been perpetuated publicly is a different one. Published articles and websites say that Mitkof Island was never inhabited permanently by Native people. It was an occasional stop over for fishermen and hunters for the past few thousand years. But that’s not the entire story.
“You know, it’s kind of emotional really,” Brenda Norheim said. She’s a board member for the local tribe.
Like other Petersburg residents, Norheim has grown up being told that no one was living around Petersburg when white settlers arrived. But that left a hole to her past: where were her people? She didn’t learn the answers at home. When her mother was growing up in Petersburg there were signs that read, “No Natives”. She wasn’t told traditional stories or taught the Tlingit language by her elders.
“Natives weren’t allowed to buy land, so you know, were they just not here because somebody said they weren’t here?” Norheim said.
Some of these questions might never get answered. What Norheim hopes for now is that the archaeology finds bring a shared history to town — one of indigenous Natives and Norwegian settlers.
“I just can’t help but think we can get some positive results if we changed that story,” Norheim said.
Back on Petersburg’s main street, Nannauck watches the cars go by and says he’s not surprised by what the archaeologists have been finding.
“When we talk about ourselves we say that we’ve been here since time immemorial,” Nannauck said.
Nannauck said the science just adds to what he already knows, that his people have been living on and around Mitkof Island for a very, very long time.
